Voice assistants like Siri, Alexa and the Google Assistant are reinforcing harmful gender bias among their users, according to the United Nations.

A report published this week by Unesco (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), claims the responses made by these assistants, which are described by the report as submissive and occasionally flirty, reinforce the idea of women being subservient.

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The title of the report, 'I'd Blush If I Could', is the response which Apple's Siri voice assistant, which is female by default in the US, used to give when told it is a "bitch" or a "slut." Despite this change, the report says "the assistant's submissiveness in the face of gender abuse remains unchanged since the technology's wide release in 2011."

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Unesco adds: "Siri's 'female' obsequiousness - and the servility expressed by so many other digital assistants projected at young men - provides a powerful illustration of gender biases coded into technology products, pervasive in the technology sector and apparent in digital skills education."

Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, Microsoft's Cortana, and the Google Assistant all launched with a female voice by default. Still, now some offer alternatives, including male and, in some cases, gender-neutral voices. Cortana and Alexa still only offer a female voice. When Apple launched its first international version of Siri, the British version offered a male voice by default.

The Google Assistant's voice can be changed, but the default is femaleGoogle

The worldwide default for Alexa and the Google Assistant is still young and female. Still, with the Google Assistant, the company has assigned its male and female voices to colors instead of names — John Legend notwithstanding.

The Unesco report said: "Because the speech of most voice assistants is female, it sends a signal that women are obliging, docile and eager-to-please helpers, available at the touch of a button or with a blunt voice command like 'hey' or 'OK'".

The report notes that voice assistants will answer your question no matter how you phrase it and in any tone of voice. It adds, "The assistant holds no power of agency beyond what the commander asks of it. It honors commands and responds to queries regardless of their tone or hostility. In many communities, this reinforced commonly held gender biases that women are subservient and tolerant of poor treatment."

In 2018, Google updated its Assistant to recognize and respond positively when a user says "please" and "thank you." Although a useful reminder for all users to be courteous, the feature, called Pretty Please, was seen as a way to encourage children to be polite when speaking, whether to a person or a thing.

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The report raises concern over how the assistants' lack of correction when spoken to rudely will affect how future generations speak to each other and to computers. "If gendered technologies like Siri and Alexa deflect rather than directly confront verbal abuse (as they do today), users will likely come to see this as standard as well," it added.

Instead of correcting the user when they make a sexist comment or place a demand they know cannot be met—such as asking the assistant to make them a sandwich—the artificial intelligence tends to offer a soft reply or attempt humor. When asked to "make me a sandwich," for example, Siri says, "I can't. I don't have any condiments."

Alexa flatly says, "Okay, you're a sandwich." Google Assistant says, "I must warn you, it's not a reversible spell, but I'll try." Then, if you ask again shortly after, it says, "But I just made you into a sandwich. Does that mean sandwiches can talk?"

The report continues, suggesting the issue could be that firms like Apple, Amazon, and Google are staffed mostly by males: "Companies...staffed by overwhelmingly male engineering teams have built A.I. systems that cause their feminized digital assistants to greet verbal abuse with catch-me-if-you-can flirtation."

In its conclusion, the report offers a number of recommendations for moving forward. These include funding studies to identify the types, dimensions, and severity of gender bias expressed by digital assistants and other AI products. The report hopes to "shine a light into the black boxes of AI engines to understand...how voice assistants are gendered and why their output sometimes reproduces stereotypes harmful to women and girls."

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